After analyzing the evidence of transactions into the journal, the next accounting cycle classify the accounts into the general ledger. The process of classification of the accounts in the journal to the ledger is called posting. The accounts in the ledger used to record the separate account assets, debts, and capital.

The ledger is a collection of accounts or estimates which are interrelated. The book contains a collection of the accounts contained in the books of the company. Collection account is derived from the general journal records that occur during a specific period. In principle, a term synonymous with general ledger account books. For example general ledger accounts receivable can be interpreted as a cash account book.

Ledger form
Forms of large books can be divided into the form of two columns, three columns, and four columns. Large book form is the simplest form of T. Four-column ledger form commonly used in today’s accounting records. In this form there is a balance that allows the column to know your account balance.

Ledger posting process
Posting a transfer of the accounts in the journal into the appropriate ledger account name. Posting process performed on the same day as to prevent the buildup of the journal. The steps undertaken in the posting process is as follows:
a. Determine the type of accounts affected by the transaction in the journal.
b. Record the date of the transaction in accordance with the date in the journal.
c. Write a brief description of the occurrence of such transactions on the statement in the journal.
d. Account codes in column Ref journal noted on the account number and journal pages are recorded in the column Ref ledger.

Instrument in the form of stock index futures contract is a contract or agreement between two parties that requires them to sell or buy products that become principal variables in the future with a predetermined price.
When an investor or capital owners choose to invest in this type of instrument, there are several benefits to be gained, is as follows:
a. Hedging instruments. Hedging is intended to minimize risk. Options that can be used by an investor is to open the contract in the future so that whatever price is formed at maturity, investors will continue to sell the stock at a predetermined price.
b. Speculation. Investors can speculate by trading index futures rather than conducting transactions for each stock. This is because of leverage. Leverage gives the advantage of price movements with little capital compared to equity for each stock transaction.
c. Arbitration. With arbitration, the investor can profit from the difference between prices in the spot market and futures market.

Investing in these instruments there is a risk that must be considered because it is quite dangerous. At maturity, the investor must close on price from the current position, although the prices that occur differ from expectations. Investors could suffer huge losses when compared with the initial capital. In addition, investors still have to deposit additional funds to the clearing house when he suffered a loss.

Balance of payments is a systematic summary of international economic transactions within a specified period, usually one year. Balance of payments include buying and selling of goods and services, grants, and financial transactions. Balance of payments provides information on the financial position of a country in its economic relations with other countries and assist in policy making.

In the compilation of balance of payments of economic activity has the following aims:
a. Providing information on foreign exchange positions to the government and entrepreneurs
b. Assist government in decision-making in the field of trade and payment procedures
c. Assist governments in setting monetary policy and fiscal
d. Help to obtain information about the influence of foreign transactions on the national economy
e. To provide information about revenue sources and the use of foreign exchange.

Components of balance of payments
Foreign balance of payments of a country consists of:
1. Current Account
Current account or balance sheet is a brief description of the current transaction value of goods and services a country within one year. Current balance sheet consist of:
a. Trade balance. Used to record the transaction value of exports and imports of goods during the period. Exports of goods are recorded in credit transactions, while imports of goods recorded in debit transactions. If exports exceed imports, the country has a surplus balance of trade or have a positive balance in foreign investment. Conversely, if imports exceed exports, the country has a trade deficit or to obtain a reduction of foreign investment.
b. Balance of services. An organized service activity to a foreign country and received from abroad. Value of service activities including transportation services, insurance, brokerage, banking, and tourism.
c. Balance nonbalas services or transfer payment. Balance is used to record the transactions that are not fringe benefits. Eg Indonesia gives or receives a grant it will be recorded in the balance sheet nonbalas services.

2. Capital account
Capital account balance is used to record all receipts and payments, such as interest, dividends, wages of foreign workers, as well as gifts (grants).

3. Balance counterweight
An account balance of current account surplus or deficit. With the balance of this account, the total value of credit and debit side of the balance of payment will be the same.

4. Difference calculation
The existence of incomplete information and transactions that are not listed or cause the balance of the balance of payments is not the same. Transactions which are not listed will be included in the calculation of the difference.

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Balance of payments deficit
Deficits occur when the number of payment transactions abroad or debit transaction is greater than the revenue from overseas or credit transaction. To balance it, the state must find sources of financing. This deficit can be closed temporarily with a bank loan or by using foreign exchange reserves. If deficits occur continuously, the government should improve the balance of payments. Measures that can be used include currency devaluation, import restrictions, and increased exports. The impact caused when the balance of payments deficit is the domestic manufacturers will be dropped because it can not compete with imported goods. Country’s debt will be even greater, with a small amount of revenue.

Balance of payments surplus
Surplus occurs when the number of overseas payment or debit transaction is smaller than the revenue from overseas or credit transaction. Balance of payments surplus shows that the country has reserves of wealth and more overseas funds. This resulted in increasing foreign exchange reserves that can be used for development activities. In addition, with the number of payment streams from abroad caused the demand for domestic currency increases, so its value will be strengthened.

Balance of payments balance
The balance of payments balance occurs if the payments to foreign parties or debit transactions to the receipts from abroad or credit transaction is the same amount. Should the state raise or lower the export and import, the country will have a surplus balance of payments.

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To simplify the system of international pembayarab necessary means of payment in the form of money. Difficulty of use of money is because each country uses different currencies from each other.
Comparison of the value of international currency called the foreign exchange rates. Some of these systems is the determination of exchange rates there are three systems which are as follows:
a. Fixed exchange rates, ie rates which use gold as a standard.
b. Free exchange rate, which is releasing the gold standard, the rates determined by market forces (demand and supply).
c. Currency stabilization, namely the exchange rate stabilized by developed countries through international financial institutions like the IMF.

The foreign exchange market is an organizational framework in which there are parties who ask for and offer foreign currencies.
Transactions that affect the international balance of payments is as follows:
a. goods transactions; export-import
b. transaction services; banking, transport, tourism, insurance
c. result of capital transactions; interest, dividends, labor
d. capital transactions; traffic loans, debt-
e. one-way transaction; gifts, grants, donations
f. monetary transactions; traffic gold

The procedure of international payments made by five ways:
a. in cash
b. on credit
c. draft
d. letters of credit; the promissory note to pay on the order of the importer:
- L / C plain: payment through banks designated according to the price agreed upon
- Merchant L / C: enter the first importer of goods, the new pay
- Red Clause L / C: exporters withdraw a deposit first before he shipped his belongings
- Usance L / C: an L / C, which requires recipients interesting note futures
- Industrial L / C: L / C to facilitate the import of industrial goods

Private Compensation, namely the completion of a resident of a state debt.
Example:
A people of Indonesia to import goods from B in Singapore.
C of Indonesia are exporting goods to D in Singapore then A direct payment is paid to C and D pays to B.

Understanding foreign exchange
In interstate commerce payments received use foreign currency, and vice versa so that in conducting interstate commerce is known terms of foreign exchange. Foreign exchange is the means of payment abroad or all of the goods received in the international community as a means of payment.
To facilitate a transaction, each country should mengkurskan its currency against foreign currencies that are considered stable. Countries that have a lot of foreign exchange will easily pay purposes and the costs abroad.

Function of foreign exchange
Foreign exchange is a tangible means of interstate payments of foreign exchange, foreign drafts, foreign accounts receivable, and gold. Foreign exchange functions include:
a. foreign trade financing
b. pay foreign debt
c. finance the construction and maintenance of foreign relations
d. overcome the economic difficulties the country in relation to payments abroad
e. facilitate transactions in interstate commerce.

Sources of foreign exchange earnings
Foreign exchange can be obtained from the following sources:
a. Exports of goods
exports of goods will result in payment from the importing country in the form of foreign exchange. More and more goods are exported, foreign-owned exporting countries more and more.

b. Exports of services
when a country held a service for another country, the country will earn foreign exchange.

c. Tourism
foreign tourists visiting Indonesia was not able to use the money in Indonesia, they have to exchange money with the currency. Foreign currency which has been exchanged with a foreign exchange for Indonesia rupiah.

d. Gifts (grants) and foreign aid
gifts and foreign aid in the form of goods is an additional indirect foreign exchange, such assistance could reduce spending on foreign goods. If assistance in the form of direct foreign currency exchange we get a lot.

e. Foreign loans
source of foreign exchange can be obtained through loans from abroad. The loan can be used to pay for imported goods and all foreign financing needs.

Demand for money is the people’s desire to hold cash or make his fortune in cash, compared to the wealth in other forms. For example, in gold, land, or securities.

Types of money demand
According J.M. Keynes, the public demand to hold cash consists of the following:
a. Money demand for transactions. Humans can not produce their own all the goods and services required so comes the transaction. Money serves as a medium of exchange in a cash transaction activities. Every person or company would require the existence of cash on hand. When you go to school, you need cash to pay for transportation and snacks. The size of a desire to hold cash depending on the income of the community. High-income communities could hold more cash than the low income.
b. Money demand as a precaution. Not all the money in hand is used to make transactions, some are stored for immediate need. For example, for medical expenses. Conditions on future uncertain encourage people to save cash for the needs of precaution. Demand for money for the needs of precaution is influenced by income levels. The higher the income, the ability to save cash for the needs of precaution will be higher as well.
c. Demand for money to speculate. The community can keep the wealth in various forms, such as cash, gold, securities, and land. The form is also a wealth of investment vehicles, namely the source of profits in the future. For example, money that bought the securities or debt securities (bonds) will earn interest. However, people who want to invest should also take into account the sacrifices that must be removed. The advantages of holding cash can be used at any time, but his sacrifice is losing the opportunity to earn interest. If high interest rates, holding the securities will be more profitable than holding cash. In other words, factors that affect demand for money is the interest rate speculation.

Factors that influence the demand for money
Influenced by the demand for money in addition to income and interest rates are also influenced by various factors as follows:
a. The wealth of society.
b. Taste in the form of wealth storage.
c. The development of credit facilities.
d. Certainty about the expected revenues.
e. Hope or expectation of general prices.
f. The system or method of payment accepted.

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Balance of payments is a systematic record of international transactions between residents of a country with residents in another country in a given period.
Economic transactions are conducted by a country can be divided into two kinds:

1. Debit transactions
Debit transaction is a transaction that could lead to increasing the state’s obligation to make payments to other countries.

2. Credit Transactions
Credit transaction is a transaction that could result in increasing a country’s right to receive payments from other countries.

As mentioned in the above description, that the arrangement of balance of payment must be done systematically, meaning that the presentation of items in the balance of payments should be used in order according to prevalence in general. The order of the posts are as follows:
1. Commercial transactions, which consist of:
a. Trade of goods, namely trade in goods that are tangible.
b. Service trade, namely trade with objects that intangible or can not be captured by the five senses.

2. Capital income
3. Unilateral Transactions
4. Direct investment
5. Long-term debt
6. Short-term debts
7. Monetary sector.

The things that are informed by each item are as follows:
a. Commercial transaction. Informing about the export and import activities that are carried out by a country in a given period.

b. Capital income. Informs about state revenues as a result of investment in overseas countries. Dividends or interest received by the state from other countries are recorded on the credit side, while for dividends or interest paid by the State to other countries are recorded on the debit side.

c. Unilateral transactions. Informs about the number and type of state revenues derived from gifts, aid, grants, and so forth.

d. Direct investment. Informs about buying or selling shares of a country to another country or about the direct investment made by a country in another country.

e. Long-term debt. Informs about the obligations of States to other countries that must be repaid within a period of more than one year or a period of repayment relatively longer. For example: bonds, investment credits and so on.

f. Short-term debts. Informs about the obligations of States to other countries that must be repaid or the period is less than one year. Eg: payable notes.

g. Monetary sector. Informs about the payment transactions of transactions recorded on the trade, capital income, and unilateral transactions or transaction recorded in direct investment, long-term debt and short-term debts that are non-monetary. As included in the monetary sector, these include the:
- Central Bank
1. relations with international financial institutions.
2. short-term obligations.
3. reserves mutation.
4. mutation of monetary gold reserves.
- Foreign Exchange Bank
1. Short-term liabilities.
2. reserves mutation.

In the world of accounting, information delivery has occurred is known as journals. Journal presenting financial information in the form of financial records.

Journal is a corporation tool for recording transactions in chronological order in order of time by show your account name and number. Listing of the journal aims to reduce errors and weaknesses of recording evidence of the transaction if it is done recording directly to the general ledger. In accounting, the journal is a Book of Original Entry.

The existence of the journal is not a source of recording the accounts of the transaction. Journal ease in recording account for journal analyzing the account that happens. Journals have the following functions.
a. recording function, namely the journal used to record transactions based on transaction evidence
b. historical function, namely the journal recorded chronologically by date of transaction
c. analysis functions, namely the journal used to record the results of the analysis of transactions evidence so clear where the credit or debit from an account that is affected
d. instructive function, namely orders for debiting or crediting accounts that affected their amounts
e. informative function, namely to provide information on transactions that occurred

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The terms of the market are as follows:
a. The existence of buyers and sellers to conduct sale and purchase transaction or trade.
b. Availability of goods and services for sale.

While the role of markets is as follows:
a. For consumers, that makes it easy to obtain goods or services required.
b. For manufacturers, namely as a place to market and introduce the goods of production, in addition, also as a place to obtain materials used in the production process.
c. For the government, that is as smooth supporting national development. Through the market, the government could earn income, for example through taxation, fees and levies.