Tag Archives: Technology

Stage of development of countries according to Rostow’s theory

Posted on September 1, 2011 | Leave a comment

Rostow’s theory looked at the country’s economic development as a process of gradual change and form a straight line. According to Rostow, the development of the country can be divided into five stages.

a. Phase traditional economy
At this stage the economy is still oriented to the effort to meet their own needs. Application of technology and management is still very low so that its productivity is still low.

b. Pre-takeoff
Traditional societies though very slowly, constantly moving and at one point reaching a precondition for takeoff. This situation usually occurs because of interference from outside, ie from a more advanced society.
This stage is a transition period when people reach the stage of preparing for takeoff. Prerequisites that must be met to be able to take off is the presence of considerable changes in fundamental economic, political, social, cultural, and value systems. During this transition period is essential to succeed in the takeoff stage.

c. Phase takeoff
Take-off stage is the stage when the economy is able to grow and evolve with its own power. At this stage the application of modern management technology and more extensive and intensive. In addition, a drastic change in the social and political as well as the creation of rapid economic progress due to innovations and the opening of new markets. All that can increase the rate of investment which further accelerate the growth of national income over the rate of population.

d. Stage of maturity
This stage is a period when society was effectively using modern technology in most of the factors of production and natural wealth. At this time of rapidly growing sectors of the economy and leading industry suffered a setback, but was replaced by other sectors. Economic growth is not as high off the stage, but offset by the growth of qualitative matters so that the economy is getting stronger and independent. After takeoff the progress will continue to move despite the occasional ups and downs. Industry grew rapidly and began to produce goods previously imported.

e. Stage of mass consumption of high levels
At this stage the level of public consumption is very high, especially energy consumption. It can be seen in the lives of Western Europe, North America, and Japan.
The characteristics of this stage are:
- The labor force has a better warranty.
- Providing food for people who increasingly inadequate.
- State seeking the expansion of power in the eyes of the world.
Because of rising incomes, consumption is no longer limited to basic needs, but increased in the higher needs. At this stage are the traits of an ideal mass when people live comfortably so that there is a tendency to increase the number of families and the population will increase.

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Human effort in addressing the scarcity and limitations

Posted on August 24, 2011 | Leave a comment

Efforts seen from the development of human civilization, among others:
a. Using the natural surrounding environment by:
1. hunt
2. catch fish, using simple tools
3. picking the fruit, leaves tubers and so forth.
In this era called the era of wandering (nomadic) and it turns out, people still do not meet the needs of all.

b. Commercialize natural way:
1. cultivate the land
2. water use
3. using herbs
4. using animal power, solar thermal and other tools.
This era is called the agricultural “green revolution”.

c. Although the existence of a new civilization, but there’s still rare that a tool or technology, so that the resulting exchange or barter and trade eventually. If the device needs no human was in place, then people look for somewhere else, other regions and even other countries.
You do this by:
1. barter
2. exchanged for money
3. processed
4. stored
5. imitated.
Due to the scarcity of sharing dwindle due to new discoveries with the “industrial revolution”.

d. Trying to do together
Realized because of the limited ability of human, thoughts, actions, and its reach, need the help of others. The results obtained with the joint venture will be much more than the business itself. The results obtained were jointly strived to improve the welfare of his life, prosperity can be achieved, eliminate hunger, squalor, poverty. All the necessities of life could be available for today, tomorrow and the future can be calculated. Therefore, the interdependence between human beings, need cooperation between countries, need to increase prosperity, and realize a shared responsibility. In fact, thanks to advances in technology, now called the era “communication”, as if the world is more narrow and fused.

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Google asked the U.S. : Patent Office to review patents Lodsys

Posted on August 19, 2011 | Leave a comment

Patent Office to review Google asked the U.S. : Patent Office to review patents Lodsys

Wired reports that Google has filed an application with the Patent U. S. and Trademark Office seeking a review of four Lodsys two patents, which developers use both Google and Development Apple mobile platform.  A few months after rival Apple has taken the weight of fending off a patent owner Lodsys mobile developers, Google also launched a public effort against nonpracticing person perspective.

“We’ve asked the U.S. Patent Office to re-examine two Lodsys patents that we believe should never have been issued,” Kent Walker, Google’s senior vice president and general counsel, said in a statement to Wired. “Developers play a critical part in the Android ecosystem and Google will continue to support them.”

Google joins effort to invalidate some patents Lodsys, East Texas-based company began sending letters patent for mobile application developers looking for licensing fees apps in May for allegedly infringing its intellectual property through in-app purchasing. While Google, Apple and Microsoft licensees in the company’s technology, Lodsys argued that the licensing deals they do not cover third-party applications.

See Results from the trial in June targeting all four patents. This was followed a week later, three different tests the validity of the patents, Article One Partners, a company that crowdsources intellectual property research. The coalition also began building earlier this month, in order to pool resources and absorb the technology lawyer, give money to restore legal protection from patent-related matters, and the draft intellectual property legislation to protect the developers.

In addition to these efforts, Apple – which has targeted both developers and non-licensing of patents noticeable than deal with – began to intervene after Lodsys sued a group of application developers. A note at the time, marking Apple’s first public response to the question, the company said that “arguably is licensed (patents), and the Apple App Makers protect that license.” Lodsys quickly shot back to the blog, saying, “Apple’s claim of infallibility is not discernible on the basis in law or fact.”

Software patents have become a huge group of ammunition as Lodsys, MacroSolve, and others, especially during the current year due in large part to the growing popularity of mobile applications. The end result of this is particularly important for developers and companies like Apple, Google and others who have built a platform for developers, and sold.

 

 

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Posted in Alliance Resource Partners, android, Apparel, Apple, Cash-paying dividend stocks, earnings per share ration, Patent Office

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Scarcity or limited economic resources

Posted on August 19, 2011 | Leave a comment

Scarcity or limited economic resources include:
a. Natural resources, raw materials are lacking, for example, Japan does not have abundant natural resources (eg petroleum, natural rubber). Nature Indonesia is a rich, contains many natural resources, there are still many who have not been optimally utilized to meet human needs in Indonesia, due to lack of technology and expertise. Java Island is the most populous among the other islands in Indonesia, causing limitations on land issues. It is necessary to search for arable land outside Java, for example:
1. land in the fertile island of Sumatra, the island of Sulawesi, Kalimantan, with petroleum, gold and diamonds, as well as New Guinea is rich in minerals such as copper, iron ore, and oil still untapped optimally for the prosperity of the nation of Indonesia.
2. as well as the ocean surrounding the islands in Indonesia are still lots of fish that have not been exploited by humans Indonesia, so there are many foreigners who steal fish fishing in the territorial waters of Indonesia.
We are still very lacking in terms of: technology, expertise, motivation, mental less strong, so we need an adequate knowledge, an optimistic attitude, the skills to foster self-reliance, trust in yourself to build community.

b. manpower, lack of: skilled, less skilled jobs, so the results are still small. As a result of education and training must be made better, or request assistance from foreign experts that fit the needs of the country.

c. form of money, tools, machinery, lack of technology to process natural resources.

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Factors causing the scarcity of economic resources

Posted on August 18, 2011 | Leave a comment

There are several factors causing the shortage, among others, as follows:
a. Resource constraints. Nature does provide adequate resources abundance. However, still limited, especially when humans process it arbitrarily. Although these resources can be updated or freely available, it still will be reduced and eventually will run out.
b. Geographical differences. Natural resources are usually not spread evenly in each area. There is a very fertile area, there are also mineral-rich areas. However, there are also areas of arid and always short of water. This difference causes the resources become scarce and limited, especially for areas that do not have abundant resources.
c. Population growth. Population growth is always faster than the growth of production of goods and services. It has been observed by an economist, Thomas Robert Malthus. According to him, the man arose following the geometric progression (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and so on). While the number of production grew only follow arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and so on).
d. Limitation of production capacity. Production capability is supported by the factors of production used. For example the human factors of production capacity is limited because it can still be sick, tired, or bored. Production machines can also be damaged and worn. In addition, the limited production is also determined because of technological developments are not the same. In developed countries, technological developments took place very quickly. Meanwhile, the development needs of developing countries in goods and services is still faster than the development of technology.
e. Natural disasters. Natural disasters are destructive factors that are beyond human power and ability. Although the actual disaster occurred partly caused by human activities alone. Floods, earthquakes, landslides, forest fires, and others has brought substantial losses. Damage to buildings, premises, resources, and even loss of life who are victims of natural disasters.

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