In today’s modern times, certainly most people already know about the bank and use his services, either as a place to save money or as a place to borrow funds. In the modern economic order, economic traffic activities require the services of many banks, particularly the distribution of funds that are productive and related storage and withdrawal of funds from the community desperately needed for development in the economic field. Because the role of banks in the economy is very important, then every state passed a law on banking. In Indonesia, the problems associated with banks regulated in the Act No.7 of 1992, namely that banks are business entities that raise funds from the public in the form of deposits and deliver to the community in order to improve the living standard of the people.

The main function of banks
In general, there are five main functions of banks is as follows:
a. As a place to collect funds from the community. Bank in charge of securing the money savings and time deposits and deposits in a checking account or current account.
b. As a distributor of funds or credit. Bank’s duty to give credit to people in need, particularly for productive ventures.
c. As providers. The bank provides payment services, exchange, finance, foreign trade, and others.
d. As an agency that regulates the circulation of money. Bank as an institution that has the authority to print and circulate the money necessary to balance the circulation of money in order to avoid inflation or deflation.
e. As institutions that maintain a stable value of money. Bank responsible for managing the circulation of money, provide guarantees gold for each new currency printed and circulated.

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Financial institution is an institution or entity conducting activities in finance, manage their implementation withdrawal of money from the public and convey back to the community in ways consistent with the provisions and regulations or laws in society and the state.

In general, Non-Bank Financial Institutions are financial institutions whose activities do not collect and distribute public funds such as those held by banks, but only conduct activities in financial services.
In particular, Non-Bank Financial Institutions are institutions that conduct activities in the financial sector that directly or indirectly raise funds by issuing securities and then channeled to the community, especially for investment companies.

The purpose of government an opportunity to establish non-bank financial institutions is to encourage the development of money market and capital markets, and capital firms help companies, especially the economically weak.

Function Non-Bank Financial Institutions
Non-Bank Financial Institutions function as follows:
a. Accommodate the workforce.
b. Improving the standard of living.
c. Equalize incomes.
d. Increase production.
e. Encouraging the development of capital markets and money markets.

Efforts undertaken by the Non-Bank Financial Institutions
Non-Bank Financial Institutions have the following efforts:
a. Collect funds from the public by issuing securities.
b. Giving credit, especially medium-term credit.
c. Hold equity in companies or projects.
d. Act as intermediaries in bringing foreign workers.

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To develop the regions, local governments are empowered to manage or organize their own local finances. Local expenditure component are as follows:
a. Expenditures of the state apparatus, including general administrative expenditure, operational expenditure and maintenance, and capital expenditures.
b. Spending of public services, including general administrative expenditure, operational expenditure and maintenance, and capital expenditures.
c. Shopping for results and financial assistance.
d. Unexpected expenditure.

Shopping is spending loads of cash into local area in certain periods of the fiscal year. Items of expenditures can be explained as follows:
a. General administration expenditures, are indirect spending and not add to fixed assets. For example shopping salaries, electricity, water, telephone, and vehicle maintenance.
b. Operational and maintenance expenditure, is spending a large or small is influenced by the activity but does not add to the asset. Eg policing operations vendors.
c. Capital spending, is spending a large or small it is influenced by the activities directly and acquire assets. For example the construction of buildings, purchase of motor vehicles, and road construction.
d. Shopping for results and financial assistance. These expenditures are directly without any performance indicators. Eg for the allocation of provincial spending for the results. The allocation can be a motor vehicle taxes and motor vehicle ownership charges to the county or city, assistance to community organizations, sports, and professions.
e. Unexpected expenditures, allocated to fund the urgent needs of the region to be implemented but there is no budget.

Budget Policy
Government’s budget policy is needed to encourage the growth of economic activities so that national income increases. The types of budgetary policy are as follows:
a. Balanced budget policy, occurs when government revenues equal government spending. It can be applied if the condition is stable economy.
b. Not a balanced budget policy, may consist of:
1. Budget deficit. Policy budget deficit occurs when government spending will be larger than the existing reception. These policies can be done when a low level of economic growth, inflation, and people’s purchasing power fell.
2. Budget surplus. Policy budget surplus occurs when government spending is smaller than the existing reception. This policy can be done to tackle inflation. Because not all revenue is spent, the government can accumulate savings.

Very difficult nowadays to find work, but many job advertisements are available either online at job sites or offline at a newspaper ad. Still, the amount of labor demand is always less than the amount of labor supply. Also there is such thing as the labor market. In this article will discuss about the labor market.

The labor market is a market place of meeting labor demand and labor supply (job seekers). Labor demand from government agencies, private companies, state enterprises, local enterprises, cooperatives, and foreign private companies. The labor market can be organized by the government or by private institutions under the supervision of the department of labor, it is intended to protect the interests of job seekers as well as the interests of institutions or companies.

The function of the labor market, among others:
a. Provide information and provide manpower requirements as needed by both the government and by private businesses.
b. Assist government programs in order to channel labor to get the job.
c. Provide information to job seekers about the job.
d. As the container to accommodate the labor and deliver in accordance with the skills and qualifications required by the job market.

Labor market benefits include:
a. Helping people who currently does not have a job to be distributed according to their talents and expertise.
b. Assist government in addressing the problem of unemployment.
c. Make it easy for enterprises to obtain suitably qualified manpower required.
d. Can reduce or eliminate the practice of workforce intermediaries adverse job-seekers.

Travel goods and services between producers and consumers through distribution channels, both the spread, or concentration, is always there. Distribution as a trading business system has the following characteristics:
a. Interrelated to one another
b. Distribution is a unitary
c. Consists of several elements of distribution channels
d. Serve each other between one element with another element
e. Distribution of goods can be done by land, sea and air

In countries that hold free or liberal economy, the spread of goods and services largely determined by the ability of the market. Depending on the strength of public demand, and supply of goods and services from the manufacturer.

In communist countries that implement a socialist economic system, distribution of goods and services is limited. Characterized by:
a. Everyone should not buy more than a certain amount
b. All types of goods is restricted
c. Everything is regulated by the state, including items of daily living needs, as well as land ownership is restricted

Perpetrators distribution
1. Retailers, also called the retailer and its activities are:
a. Buy goods in large quantities from wholesalers.
b. Selling goods at retail or in the number of units.

2. Wholesalers
Wholesale traders are traders who buy goods in large quantities and sell them in large numbers as well. They buy directly from manufacturers and sell them to retailers.

3. Wholesalers or agents
Wholesaler or dealer is a merchant whose activities are buying and selling goods in a large party, do not serve in a piecemeal sale. They act as an importer and exporter, buy or collect the goods from the merchants medium, or direct purchase from manufacturers and sell to retailers but also not to intermediate traders. Usually they operate in national and even international, interstate, or between regions.

Role of government in economic activities can be carried out directly or indirectly. The role of government in economic activities is very important, one of them as a regulator of economic activity. Here is an explanation of the role of government in economic activities.
a. Regulate economic activity. In economic activity, the government tasked to direct, regulate and control economic activity through various policies, legislation and direct action in the field. The ultimate goal is to increase employment, controlling prices, increase economic growth, and stabilize the balance of foreign payments. All economic activities were carried out to create a just and prosperous society.
b. Role as consumers. The role of government as a consumer is done by meeting the needs in the stewardship of the state. Therefore, the government needed the goods and services, such as automobile operations, official uniforms, stationery, paper, and banking services. Goods and services purchased by governments of foreign companies or society.
c. Role as a producer. Government as a producer means a role in producing goods and services. Goods and services produced by government is the result of production that dominate the life of society and is an economic activity that may be less profitable but their products are badly needed by society at large. As a producer, the government also requires factors of production from the household and the community abroad.

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Organizing performed to classify the activities required, namely the set structure of the organization as well as the duties and functions of each unit in the organization, and to determine the position and nature of the relationship between each unit. Organizing can be defined as the overall management activities in the group of people, and the determination of duties, functions of the authority, and responsibilities of each with the goal of creating an organization that has the power and order, and succeeded in achieving the objectives that have been determined in advance.

In doing organizing, a lot of things to consider. Like for instance, education levels of employees, the nature and character of employees, a culture that becomes the background of life of employees, level of competition, the state’s business environment, and so forth. Those things are very important to consider, due to errors in organizing could hurt the company. Therefore, understanding the situation and conditions of employees is very important to note.

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Mixed economic system is a system that shows the role of government and private sectors in overcoming the economy problem so it does not happen in full mastery of a group of people over economic resources. Mixed economic systems are also referred to as economic democracy, welfare state, or Keynesianism.

The characteristics of mixed economy system are as follows:
a. The private companies also engage in economic activities, but the sectors concerning the livelihood of the people is managed by the government.
b. Most interactions occurred in the market economy, but the government still intervened with its economic policies. For example to protect consumers, the government is using pricing policies on (ceiling price). To protect the manufacturers, the government is using the basic price policy (floor price). Thus, government intervention do to make healthy economic life, prevent monopoly, and prevent and overcome if the economic crisis.
c. The existence of competition in economic activity, but does not lead to adverse competition because the government monitored.

In economic democracy must be avoided negative traits following:
a. System of free competition. This system shows the exploitation of humans and other nations. In addition, this system will lead to weakness in the structure and maintain the position of Indonesia in the world economy.
b. Etatisme system. This system provides an opportunity for the state and its apparatus is dominant. In addition, the system is urgent and deadly potential, creativity, and initiative of economic units outside the state sector.
c. Monopoly and unfair competition. Concentration of economic power in the form of monopoly should be avoided because it can harm the community. In addition, it will also lead to economic inequality.

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The system of command economy economic system is also called the central or centralized economic system. All economic activities are planned and commanded by the central government so that the public or the consumer and the producer is only as implementers only. All the tools and resources, including human resources are owned by the central government that will be used in accordance with the plans that have been made previously.

The characteristics of the economic system of command are as follows:
a. All the tools and sources of production are state owned.
b. Economic policies set by central government (central planning).
c. This type of work and division of labor is governed by the central government.
d. There are no private parties can freely engage in economic activities.

The advantages of command economy system are as follows:
a. The central government is fully responsible on the course of the economy.
b. Central government that determines the types of industries or production.
c. The government is easy to control and supervision of prices.
d. Distribution of goods produced by the central government.
e. The economy is relatively stable and rare crisis.
f. The existence of equitable distribution of income receipts.

Weakness of the economic system of command are as follows:
a. Initiative and creative ability of individuals do not develop because of all economic activity is determined by the central government.
b. Communities do not have the freedom to have the means and economic resources.
c. No private property unless the goods are distributed.
d. The difficulty in calculating the needs of society and the cost of production activities centrally.

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Balance of payments deficit
Deficits occur when the number of payment transactions abroad or debit transaction is greater than the revenue from overseas or credit transaction. To balance it, the state must find sources of financing. This deficit can be closed temporarily with a bank loan or by using foreign exchange reserves. If deficits occur continuously, the government should improve the balance of payments. Measures that can be used include currency devaluation, import restrictions, and increased exports. The impact caused when the balance of payments deficit is the domestic manufacturers will be dropped because it can not compete with imported goods. Country’s debt will be even greater, with a small amount of revenue.

Balance of payments surplus
Surplus occurs when the number of overseas payment or debit transaction is smaller than the revenue from overseas or credit transaction. Balance of payments surplus shows that the country has reserves of wealth and more overseas funds. This resulted in increasing foreign exchange reserves that can be used for development activities. In addition, with the number of payment streams from abroad caused the demand for domestic currency increases, so its value will be strengthened.

Balance of payments balance
The balance of payments balance occurs if the payments to foreign parties or debit transactions to the receipts from abroad or credit transaction is the same amount. Should the state raise or lower the export and import, the country will have a surplus balance of payments.

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