Economic cooperation between countries is cooperation between countries in the economic field, bilateral, regional and international levels. Economic cooperation between countries covering several fields, such as exports and imports of goods (goods and services), lending and borrowing of capital and payments, and acceptance services.
Based on the number of countries, economic cooperation can be divided into two, namely as follows.
a. Bilateral cooperation is cooperation between the two countries.
b. Multilateral cooperation, the cooperation between many countries or cooperation by a country with some other countries.
Multilateral cooperation can be divided into two kinds:
1. Regional cooperation is a cooperation between several countries in one region.
2. International cooperation is cooperation between the countries in the world and not confined in one area.

Forms of economic cooperation between countries covering the following areas.
a. Interstate commerce. Form of interstate commerce includes the export and import goods.
b. Implementation and acceptance of services or investments referred to exports and imports of services.
1. Export of services is the provision of services to a person or a foreign country with getting paid.
2. Imports of services are receiving services from a person or a foreign country by paying services.

The purpose of economic cooperation between countries
Some of the goals of economic cooperation between countries is as follows:
a. Mutual fill the gap between countries in the economic field.
b. Increasing economies of these countries in finance or monetary, trade, industry, mining, banking, agriculture or the increase of food, service and development in general.
c. Improving the living conditions of mankind worldwide.
d. Fostering friendship between nations.
e. Maintain order and world peace.

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Factors that influence consumer behavior in making consumption goods are as follows:
a. Income. Revenue is the remuneration received by the owners of factors of production. Income can be wages or salary, interest, capital, and profits. The higher the income received by consumers, the higher the purchasing power. Goods that can be bought more and higher quality.
b. Price. High or low level of prices can affect consumer behavior in purchasing goods and services. If the price of goods go down, then the consumption level will go up. Likewise, on the contrary, when prices rise, then the consumption level will go down.
c. Taste. Attitudes, tastes, and a person’s personality can also influence consumer behavior. People who tend to be wasteful to buy goods outside of the calculation. People who liked antiques antiques tend to buy even though it was expensive and beyond the common sense most people. Conversely, people who like to save money will account for any expenditures and limit their consumption.
d. Culture. Cultures that live in a society will influence their consumption behavior. Every society has different cultures and this will lead to differences in consumption patterns and behavior.

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To buy something now we no longer need to carry lots of cash. Because, now we can pay with a credit card swipe only. In addition to practical, it is also considered to be safer when traveling because we do not need to bring much cash. Plus, many ordinary attractive discounts offered by certain credit cards. Well, multi-benefit is not it? But, you know it turns out the credit card has been around since 1951?

Actually, the credit system has existed since three thousand years ago in Assyria, Babylon, and Egypt. Then the draft – as the beginning of paper money – raised since the 14th century. Followed by the appearance of paper money in the 17th century. Payment system with the credits begin to be advertised the first time by Christopher Thornton in 1730 in which payment can be paid weekly furniture business.

In the 18th century until the beginning of the 20th century, there are people who sell clothes to be paid in installment every week. The person called “tallymen” because the calculation of data in a record store wood bat. One side to mark the amount of debt and on the one hand to record the number of installments already paid.

It was only in 1951, credit cards appeared for the first time. Credit system with this card issued by Diners Club for 200 subscribers that can be used in 27 restaurants in New York, United States. Since then, the system is growing. One is the innovation of friction with a magnetic ribbon. For this magnetic tape, actually begins from the use by the London Transit Authority in the early 1960′s. Which is considered more practical system is then implemented on the credit cards to date, the latter magnet is then shifted again by the use of the chip is more secure.

Thus, the innovation of credit cards to make this system a means of payment that is often used by people a lot to pay for something. We did not need to bring plenty of cash so the safety factor is more awake. Additionally, various discounts from credit cards can be utilized to get a cheaper price when paying in certain places.

Incoming Terms:

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Mutual fund is a collection of stocks, bonds and other securities purchased by a group of investors and managed by a professional investment company. A person with limited funds can buy some units of equity participation and enjoy the benefits of ownership of a variety of effects. Moreover, investors do not bother to analyze the effect.

There are two types of mutual funds, namely the type of company and collective investment. This type of liability is a form of mutual funds in a limited company (PT). In Indonesia are classified into two types, namely mutual funds open and closed mutual funds. Meanwhile, the type of collective investment is a contract between an investment manager and custodian bank representing the legalization of the unit owners or investors. This contract authorizes the investment menajer to manage portfolios of collective investment and custodian bank to act as custodian for collective funds.

There are many benefits that investors invest in mutual funds.
a. Potential rate of return. There are two kinds of rate of return expected by investors, the dividends or interest received from investment managers and capital gains from the increase in net asset value.
b. Diversification. A mutual fund portfolio consists of a variety of effects that can be owned by investors with relatively little cost.
c. Professional management. Investors do not need to analyze the effect because the task has been done by a professional investment manager.
d. Liquidation. Mutual funds are open-type highly liquid because investors can sell his units at any time to the investment manager.

In addition to these benefits, mutual funds can provide a huge potential losses as more vulnerable to risk, except for money market funds. In addition, for a closed mutual fund investors can not sell its investments whenever he wants. This is because the sale of mutual funds should be made on a stock depends on supply and demand is there.

Incoming Terms:

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Lately the issue of entrepreneurship is growing warmer. Works as an employee has been felt not so interesting anymore, because now many people have realized that if they want to be successful and wealthy, the profession as a businessman is more promising than just as a person who routinely receives a monthly salary. Then the terms of what it takes to become a great entrepreneur? The following is a description of the conditions required it.

a. Initiative. An entrepreneur has an independent initiative to utilize all kinds of resources, namely natural resources, human resources, etc., to produce something good or service which will result in financial gain.
b. Decision-making ability. An entrepreneur must have the ability to make decisions with respect to all kinds of resources it has to be a combination of these resources could generate maximum profits. For example the question of the type of goods produced, marketing strategy, positioning personnel in management, the determination of financial management, and so forth.
c. Innovative. An entrepreneur must have innovative ideas to produce new innovations that enable it to survive in business competition is tight. Such as developing new products or find new ways of producing goods at low cost. Without continuous innovation, will be very difficult to continue to survive and compete with other employers.
d. Courage in taking risks. An entrepreneur is a calculated risk taker. Taking risks in business requires a lot of courage. If you do not have the mental strength to take risks, you will not last long been an entrepreneur. Risk-taking will give you the necessary experience and learning so that you can develop more advanced and more successful. However, the risk must still be calculated according to the circumstances and the strengths and weaknesses you have. Not a blind courage.

In theory it is easy to become entrepreneurs, but in practice, only a handful of people who actually went on to become a true entrepreneur. Hopefully you fall into the category of a true entrepreneur-minded champion. Amen.

a. currency
currency is the currency issued by a government or bank circulation that serves as legal tender. Currency consists of state money or government money and the money spent by the bank circulation. Circulation bank is a bank to obtain the authority to spend money, namely Bank Indonesia. According to its form, the currency consists of paper money and coins. Since 1968, state money is not circulating anymore.

b. demand deposits
demand deposits is a bill or account at a bank that can be used as a medium of exchange through the intermediary checks, demand deposits, pay orders, and wire transfers. Demand deposits intangible regular money, but a record in the books of the bank on behalf of someone.
1. Checks, is the warrant of a person who has a bank account at the bank to pay some money to the person named on the check. Checks are one conversion tool demand deposits into currency.
2. Giro, is a demand for someone who has a bank account at the bank to pay by transferring part or all of their accounts to those who paid. Giro is a tool to move the demand deposits.
3. Command pay, an order from someone who has a bank account at the bank to pay a sum of money either part or the whole account to a designated person. Commands to pay is a tool to move and change demand deposits into currency.
4. Telegrafic transfer, payment using telegrafic transfer is made by moving some or all of the designated account to someone located in another area. Telegrafic transfer including one tool to convert and transfer demand deposits into currency.

According to their importance for human needs consist of basic or primary needs, secondary needs, and tertiary needs.
The primary requirement is an absolute requirement to be met, including clothing (clothes), food (food), and the board (home). This need not be replaced with another and if not met can lead to problems in human life is concerned.
Secondary needs, the needs will be met after the primary needs are met, such as home furnishings, school supplies, etc..
Tertiary needs or the needs of luxury, is the need to things that are luxurious, such as cars, motorcycles, refrigerators, TVs, jewelry, computers, and others.

Types of needs according to the time divided into the needs of present and future needs. The need now is a requirement that must be met immediately, such as medicine for sick people, water for the thirsty, food for the hungry.
Needs to come is the fulfillment of which the current needs, but the new benefits be felt in the future, such as schools, saving, insurance, and others.

Types of needs by their nature can be classified into material needs and spiritual needs. Material needs or physical needs are needs that is immaterial, such as food, beverages, clothing, and housing, which is needed by the human body. Spiritual needs are the needs are psychological, such as a person in need of comfort, recreation, education, sense of security, love, beauty, art, religion and prestige.

Types according to the needs of the group is divided into individual requirements and needs. Individual needs is the need for individual or private interests, such as clothing, food, education, worship, and others. Needs with the needs of the fulfillment of which is conducted jointly and for mutual interest, such as places of worship, markets, health centers, schools, and others.

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The development process can not escape the influence of human resources. Human resources are the main element that determines success or failure of a development process.
To get a clear picture of employment, there are some concepts to keep in mind:
a. Workforce. Workforce are residents who are of working age, ie aged between 15-64 years. This understanding together with the understanding that the economically active population.
b. Workforce. The workforce are residents of either women or men in productive age or working age between 15-64 years old who are working or looking for work (unemployed). Thus, the workforce is part of the workforce. The difference in the group rather than the labor force, ie the population aged 15 years and above who are still in school, homemaker, retired, people are paralyzed, and who are no longer willing or able to work.
c. Employment opportunities. Employment opportunities also called the demand for labor, a condition that describes the availability of jobs ready to be filled by job seekers. Included is a job that has been occupied and which are still vacant. From the work that remains empty is then arises the need of labor.
d. Unemployment. Unemployment is a person who does not get a job that makes money even though it can and able to work. They are people who do not work, but looking for work, prepare a new business, or are no longer looking for work because they feel it is impossible to get a job.

Given the economic resources are scarce, the allocation should provide benefits for humans.
a. Natural resources
There are two types of natural resources, namely natural resources that can be updated and natural resources that can not be updated. Natural resources can be updated will not be depleted during still be bred. Examples of plants and animals. Meanwhile, the natural resources that can not be updated formed through natural processes over millions of years so it can not be updated by a human. Examples of minerals and petroleum.

All the available natural wealth should be harnessed and managed properly so as to give substantial benefits to the people’s welfare. For example, land can be utilized for building, agricultural land, plantations, farms, and housing. Reserves of minerals such as gold and iron are used as industrial raw materials. Coal and oil can be used for fuel.

Therefore most of its natural resources can not be renewed, should be used sparingly and efficiently. If not, is not likely to end up drained and exhausted. Later, the next generation are no longer able to enjoy the natural wealth.

b. Capital resources
Capital resources or capital contribution to production activities as well as supporting social and economic infrastructure. Money, machinery, industrial equipment, buildings, vehicles, highways, and bridges are examples of capital. This capital is used to increase production and economic development.

Allocation and utilization of capital resources should be evenly and efficiently. In addition, capital resources must also be kept with the best. One way to care for durability.

c. Human resources
Human resources play an important role in the process of production and development. This is because man himself is the main executor of the whole process of development and production. In the production process there are two elements of human resources, namely labor and entrepreneurship.

Human resource use physical strength, skill, and human personality. Human physical strength is reflected in the health and physical abilities. A healthy and strong human can certainly work and learn well. In addition to a healthy and strong physically, a person’s skills also determine the quality of human resources. Meanwhile, the personality is determined by the attitude of a person’s honesty and fairness.

Goods that have their uses would be considered valuable or valuable by humans, even humans willing to sacrifice to obtain it. Values are given human meaning of a good or service. An item has a value for goods and services are able to meet human needs, limited or scarce, and can be owned and exchanged with other goods.

Various kinds of value of goods
a. Use value, is the ability to be used in meeting the needs of life. For example, a house can be used as a shelter from rain and bad weather. This means the house has a use value to humans. Use value consists of two types, namely as follows:
1. subjective use value, the value given to a person’s goods because the goods can meet their needs. The assessment of the benefits of an item can vary. For a writer of books, computers have a higher subjective value than it is for a fisherman. Instead, the boat has a higher subjective value to the fishermen. Thus, the subjective use value is influenced by the intensity of use of an item by a person.
2. objective use-value, is the ability of goods to meet human needs in general. Assessment of an item given by a human or a lot of people. For example, for all humans, foods and drinks have the ability to eliminate hunger and thirst.

b. Exchange rate, is the ability of a goods exchange for money or other goods. Exchange rate consists of the following:
1. subjective exchange value, is the exchange value of goods from the viewpoint of the owners or people who exchange goods. The exchange rate of the subjective individual, means differ from one person to another. For example, a photographer does not want to swap the camera with a camera phone, although for many people, both objects have the same function.
2. exchange rate objective, the exchange of goods generally applicable. In other words, the exchange rate from the viewpoint of the goods themselves. For example the services of a farmer tilling fields exchanged by one-third the harvest fields.